The publishing industry has spent the past two decades struggling to adjust to the internet, as print circulation has plummeted and tech companies have gobbled up rivers of advertising revenue.

Now come the chatbots.

New artificial intelligence tools from Google and Microsoft give answers to search queries in full paragraphs rather than a list of links. Many publishers worry that far fewer people will click through to news sites as a result, shrinking traffic – and, by extension, revenue.

The new AI search tools remain in limited release, so publishers such as Conde Nast and Vice have not yet seen an effect on their business. But in an effort to prevent the industry from being upended without their input, many are pulling together task forces to weigh options, making the topic a priority at industry conferences and, through a trade organization, planning a push to be paid for the use of their content by chatbots.

“You could essentially call this the Wikipedia-ization of a lot of information,” said Bryan Goldberg, chief executive of BDG, which publishes lifestyle and culture websites including Bustle, Nylon and Romper. “You’re bringing together Wikipedia-style answers to an infinite number of questions, and that’s just going to nuke many corners of the open web.”

Content publishers have an uneven but largely reciprocal relationship with search engines. The search sites benefit from having trusted sources of information in the results, and the publishers benefit from the traffic to their sites that the search engines generate.

Search traffic from Google accounts for half of overall visits, or more, to many sites, said Brian Morrissey, who writes The Rebooting, a media business newsletter. “Search has been the mainstay of the publishing business on the internet,” he said.

Kyle Sutton, director of search and product at newspaper publisher Gannett, said the relationship had, until now, been mutually beneficial.

“While all search results are taking from our data and, from our perspective, crawling our content, aggregating our content, there is the return there of them driving traffic to our site,” Sutton said. “So I think that relationship is kind of first and foremost what we want to see maintained.”

The new offerings could change all of that, said Barbara Peng, president of digital news brand Insider. Microsoft is incorporating the chatbot into Bing, its search engine. Google’s search chatbot, Bard, is separate from its main search engine.

“This will be revolutionary,” Peng said, adding, “It will take some time, and there is a good portion of hype mixed in there, too, but I do think it will change the relationship people have with finding and consuming information.”

The impact of “generative” AI, which can generate text, images and other media from prompts, has become a top priority in discussions among publishers. A conference in New York in May, the World Congress of News Media, will feature keynote speeches on the issue, according to a schedule on its website.

Vice Media has created a task force in recent months to examine its own approach, said Cory Haik, the chief operating officer. “It will have a huge impact on publishing in ways that we can’t even get our heads around yet,” she predicted.

The Washington Post announced Tuesday that it had appointed a deputy business editor to lead an internal group looking at AI’s impact on The Post’s journalism and digital strategy.

News Corp’s chief executive, Robert Thomson, who for years has led a push to get tech companies to pay for news content, said in an interview: “If you don’t get out early and define what the issues are and the obligations, then you will find yourself on the defensive.”

Thomson said tech companies should pay to use publishers’ content to produce results from AI chatbots. The chatbots generate their results by synthesizing information from the internet. He added that News Corp, which owns The Wall Street Journal and The New York Post among other outlets, was in talks with “a couple of companies” about the use of its content, though he declined to specify which ones.

“There is a recognition at their end that discussions are necessary,” he said.

Roger Lynch, chief executive of Conde Nast, which owns titles including Vogue, Vanity Fair and Glamour, agreed that content creators should be compensated. He said one upside for publishers was that audiences might soon find it harder to know what information to trust on the web, so “they’ll have to go to trusted sources.”

The News Media Alliance, which represents 2,000 outlets around the world, including The New York Times, is working on principles that it says should guide the use and development of AI systems, and regulation around them, to protect publishers. According to a draft, the principles say the use of publisher content for the development of AI should require “a negotiated agreement and explicit permission.”

The guidelines also call on tech companies to “provide sufficient value” for high-quality, trustworthy journalism content and brands, and state that any new laws or regulations that make exceptions to copyright law for AI must not weaken protections for publishers.

“Without these protections, publishers – far too many of whom already struggle to survive in the online ecosystem due to marketplace imbalances – face an existential crisis that threatens our communities’ access to reliable and trustworthy journalism,” the document states.

Danielle Coffey, executive vice president of the News Media Alliance, said a solution could be found in the Journalism Competition and Preservation Act, a bill that would allow publishers to collectively negotiate with tech companies over revenue sharing and, as written, would account for the use of content by generative AI. The bill, which failed to pass last year, was expected to be reintroduced Thursday by Sens. Amy Klobuchar, D-Minn., and John Kennedy, R-La.

Yusuf Mehdi, Microsoft’s head of Bing, said in an interview that directing users to click through to publishers was “a top goal.” And although the new Bing has been around for less than two months, the data was “already showing that we are driving, in fact, more traffic to publishers,” he said.

“Part of the reason that traffic is up is that we don’t just do a good job of answering the question, but we provide links,” he said, pointing to footnotes in the answers on Bing’s chatbot that show the information’s source.

Mehdi said Microsoft was at the beginning of its conversations with publishers around the new search. “It is our intention that we would like to share incremental revenue that happens in that chat experience,” he said.

Microsoft is considering showing more articles from a certain publisher below the footnote or selling ads against the links in the chat answer and splitting the proceeds, Mehdi said.

A Google spokesperson said in a statement that the company was “deeply committed to supporting a healthy and vibrant news ecosystem” and would put a priority on sending traffic.

“This is the very early days of testing an experience in Bard, and we’ll be welcoming conversations with publishers to get their input,” she said.

For the past two years, BDG has focused on products such as live events, email newsletters and premium branded content to limit exposure to the whims of search traffic, Goldberg said.

“I think the best publishers had already anticipated this was coming years ago and are many years into our transformation,” he said.